4D printing introduces the "time dimension" based on 3D printing, enabling printed structures to undergo controllable dynamic changes in shape, properties, or functions under external stimuli such as ...

Dilip Chalissery develops the process technology for 4D printing at Fraunhofer IAP. Photo Credit: Potsdam Science Park, sevens+maltry photographers The Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Programmable ...

In the latest research in the field of materials science and engineering, researchers have made remarkable progress in the 3D and 4D printing of electromagnetic metamaterials (EMMs). This breakthrough ...

(Nanowerk Spotlight) Hygromorphs are materials that can change their shape or size in response to changes in humidity or moisture. They are also sometimes referred to as humidity-responsive materials ...

It wasn’t so long ago that 3D printing was the new kid on the block. Now the term 4D printing is making headlines, stretching our ability to conceptualize once again. To understand 4D printing, it ...

Although 4D printing is considered very promising for various biomedical applications – such as tissue scaffolds, neural scaffolds, grafts and stents, cardiac patches and valves, even bionic ...